1. Mikrotik Routerboard Winbox
2. Mikrotik Routerboard Hex Poe Rb960pgs

Images for the latest OpenWrt image can be downloaded from https://downloads.openwrt.org/. As of 09/2014, Chaos Calmer (15.05) is the latest release, the previous one was Barrier Breaker (14.07) from 09/2014. Go to https://downloads.openwrt.org/ and check what the latest release of OpenWrt is and use that. The following instructions assume 15.05:

Installing and upgrading OpenWrt on routerboard is a two step-process. You first boot a single 'initramfs' image of OpenWrt from your DHCP/TFTP server and from that running OpenWrt you copy the vmlinux kernel to one flash partition and the root filesystem to another partition. This most easily uses the wget2nand utility.

Mikrotik Routerboard Winbox

Chillifire Hotspot Router Installation Guide – Mikrotik Routerboard Version 12.09. Based on OpenWrt) to run this firmware on a virtual server using Mikrotik's. Routers: What is the advantage of. X86 hardware or on MikroTik's own 'RouterBoard' hardware which. 3G/4G data cards similar to OpenWRT/DD-WRT.

The explanations for setting up your TFTP server below and the wget2nand utility rely on these tree files having specific names. This is why the above explanations create symbolic links to those names (the name openwrt-ar71xx-mikrotik-vmlinux-initramfs.elf is already as the setup for the DHCP server expects it).

As of 11/2015, the download for Chaos Chalmer is missing the initramfs file, which is why the above explanations use the 14.07 image. Please check if this was fixed and use the latest initramfs file available - the older one may not work if your routerboard is newer.

To download nightly build trunk:

If you are running trunk then you will not be able to download/install kernel modules for a longer time after you have downloaded these images because those depend on an exact version of the linux kernel, and trunk is continuously updated, so as soon as the kernel in trunk is updated, so will be the kernel modules from trunk and a that time you will loose the ability to install further modules from trunk (via opkg or luci).

If you do want to be able to install kernel modules over a longer period of time, but your routerboard is not supported in the latest release, you best compile the required patches to make your routerboard work into the latest release and install that (as described below). If you do not want to compile or you want to track the progress of trunk, then you can at such time also try to simply upgrade the vmlinux kernel file to the newest one from trunk: Download snapshots/trunk vmlinux file to your TFTP server, boot to initiramfs, use the manual procedure to only overwrite the vmlinux kernel. Do not use wget2nand because that would also overwrite your root file system.

The Mikrotik Routerboards are cheap and versatile embedded platforms that can be used for routers, WiFi APs and the like. In a rather wide range of products, I happen to have access to the RB411 and the RB750 two devices of very different properties. While the RB750 is effectively a 5 port 10/100 Mbit Ethernet switch with an Atheros AR71xx CPU on it, the RB411 has the same CPU with one Ethernet port and a Mini PCI slot as well as a serial port (and a beeper ;)). Because of their price (around 40 €), both are very interesting targets to do some experiments with them. Unfortunately, they come with Mikrotiks RouterOS which seems to be a modified Linux that officially cannot be modified. Interestingly, the RB do not ship with a GPL and as far as I have heard, Mikrotik does not publish the source code as required by the GPL. So, who wants RouterOS anyway? 😉

Although I do not have other Mikrotik products, I assume that the OpenWRT flash procedure is similar for products using RouterBOOT as bootloader and the Atheros AR71xx CPU. However, this guide comes without warranty, everything you do is at your full risk. Although I was unable to do so, there is a certain risk of permanently bricking your device.

The process of flashing the Routerboard has 5 major steps:

1. Prepare an OpenWRT Ramdisk Image
2. Prepare the OpenWRT target Image
3. Configure the TFTP and DHCP Server
4. Boot the Routerboard using the Ramdisk Image
5. Flash the Target Image

Prepare an OpenWRT Ramdisk Image

Compiling OpenWRT from the SVN is actually more straight forward than you might imagine. Take your favorite Linux Distribution (Ubuntu in my case), check our the SVN, configure it and hit make. There you go.

1. Get the source code
   Check out the latest and greatest version of OpenWRT:

   I have used revision 27019.

2. Configure OpenWRT according to your needs

   While you are of course free to select all the packages you need and deselect those you do not need, you have to set the following options to make it work in the Routerboards:

3. Build it
   The build process of OpenWRT takes a long time, but is very simple:

   The result image is located in the bin/ar71xx directory and is called openwrt-ar71xx-nand-vmlinux-initramfs.elf.

Prepare the OpenWRT target Image

Mikrotik Routerboard Hex Poe Rb960pgs

1. Configure OpenWRT according to your needs

   This time, you have to change the Target Images to tar.gz as follows:

2. Build it

   The target image consists of two files in the bin/ar71xx directory:

   • Kernel Image: openwrt-ar71xx-nand-vmlinux.elf
   • Root File System: openwrt-ar71xx-nand-rootfs.tar.gz

Configure the TFTP and DHCP Server

1. Configure your network Interface
   The network interface to which the Routerboard is connected must have a unique IP with a DHCP running on it. To make debugging easier, it is usually a good idea to directly connect the Routerboard to your NIC without other devices involved.
   Configure the Interface within the subnet 192.168.1.0/24 (OpenWRTs default subnet) but try to avoid 192.168.1.1 (OpenWRTs default IP). I have used 192.168.1.2.
2. Install DHCP and TFTP Servers
   You will need a DHCP Server to assign an IP address to the Routerboard for the flash process. Also, the DHCP server tells the board which file to use as image. Frankly, the tftp Server is responsible to provide the image file to the RB.
   On Ubuntu Linux, I have used these packages:
3. Configure the DHCP Server
   The DHCP Server does not need much configuration. I use the following as /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf:

   You may want to modify the IP range to match your subnet, the hardware ethernet MAC address of your router board, the next-server address of your tftp server and the filename of the ramdisk image that should be booted over the network.

4. Configure the TFTP Server
   Edit /etc/default/atftps to avoid running the daemon over inetd. My file looks like this:

   You can see, that the tftp server will look for image files in /tftpboot. Either change this directory or copy the OpenWRT ramdisk image (openwrt-ar71xx-nand-vmlinux-initramfs.elf) to /tftpboot.

5. Apply the changed configuration

Booting the Ramdisk Image

The purpose of this step is to have a ramdisk version of OpenWRT running on the routerboard. This is a good basis for our flashing process and can also be used to test images without flashing them. This involves the following steps:

1. Connecting the Routerboard
   Connect port 1 of the Routerboard with the Ethernet port that your DHCP and TFTP server listens on.
2. Boot the Routerboard
   Now press and hold the “RES” button of the router board and connect power. Both LEDs (PWR and ACT) will be constantly on, keep pressing the button. After some seconds the “ACT” LED starts flashing, keep pressing. After some more seconds, the “ACT” LED turns off, now you can stop pressing the button. The board will now try to obtain an IP address via DHCP/BOOTP and then download and boot the Ramdisk image. You can see this activity by looking at the appropriate log files:

   You should see something like this:

   Sit and wait until 192.168.1.1 starts replying to pings. Now you can log into the board using telnet (ssh login is not possible, since no password is set as of yet).

Flash the target Image

3. Erase the flash memory
   You can look at the existing flash partitions by looking at /proc/mtd.

   Now, erase the content of “kernel” and “rootfs”:

4. Create new file systems
   After erasing the content of the flash, we now need to create new yaffs2 partitions. In principle, we could also make the rootfs ext2/3/4, but I have not tried this. The kernel partition has to be yaffs2 as far as I know to be compatible with the bootloader.
5. Copy the images onto the Routerboard
   Copying the images onto the routerboard can be done in multiple ways, I have used secure file copy (scp). First, we have to create a password for the root user. On the routerboard, execute

   and set a password. On the linux PC, you can now copy the images onto the Routerboard:

6. Flash the images onto the Routerboard
   Flashing the images is simple, once you have them on the Routerboard. First, the kernel:

   Now the root filesystem:

7. That’s it, you are done
   Finally, reboot the routerboard.

   After some while, you should be able to ping the board at 192.168.1.1.

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What if the Routerboard does not boot?

Do not panic. If the board is not reachable at 192.168.1.1 after some minutes, something must have gone wrong. You can always recover the boards using Mikrotiks Netinstall. Also, you can start again at the point where the ramdisk image should have booted. Unfortunately, the RB750 does not have a serial port, debugging problems with the linux boot process is probably *very* annoying.

The flash process for the Routerboard 411 is almost similar to the process for the RB750 – only the flash layout is a bit different and hence the number of the target partitions have to be changed. Apart from that, you can use the exact same procedure. However, since the RB411 offers a serial port, debugging is much more convenient.

Booting the Ramdisk Image

The purpose of this step is to have a ramdisk version of OpenWRT running on the routerboard. This is a good basis for our flashing process and can also be used to test images without flashing them. This involves the following steps:

1. Connecting the Routerboard
   Connect the Ethernet port of the Routerboard with the Ethernet port that your DHCP and TFTP server listens on.
2. Configure the Bootloader
   Connect a serial cable to the serial port of the routerboard using the settings 115200 8n1. The boot process should look similar to this:

   Press any key and you will end up here:

   Change the “boot device” (o) to “boot over Ethernet” (e). Reboot with x.

3. Boot the Routerboard
   While looking at the serial terminal, you should see something like:

Flash the target Image

4. Erase the flash memory
   You can look at the existing flash partitions by looking at /proc/mtd.

   Now, erase the content of “kernel” and “rootfs”:

5. Create new file systems
   After erasing the content of the flash, we now need to create new yaffs2 partitions. In principle, we could also make the rootfs ext2/3/4, but I have not tried this. The kernel partition has to be yaffs2 as far as I know to be compatible with the bootloader.
6. Copy the images onto the Routerboard
   Copying the images onto the routerboard can be done in multiple ways, I have used secure file copy (scp). First, we have to create a password for the root user. On the routerboard, execute

   and set a password. On the linux PC, you can now copy the images onto the Routerboard:

7. Flash the images onto the Routerboard
   Flashing the images is simple, once you have them on the Routerboard. First, the kernel:

   Now the root filesystem:

8. Reconfigure the Bootloader
   Reboot the board and enter the bootloader. Now change the boot device (o) to “boot from NAND, if fail then Ethernet” (n). Save settings with x.
9. That’s it, you are done
   After some while, you should be able to ping the board at 192.168.1.1.

What if the Routerboard does not boot?

Do not panic. Look onto the serial terminal to see, at which state the Routerboard is stuck. You can always recover the boards using Mikrotiks Netinstall.

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